Data sources

Primary data were collected through four institutional survey rounds in 1985 (under ISNAR’s “Indicators Series Project”), 2003-2004, 2010-2011, and 2018-2019 (under the ASTI initiative). These data were combined with the following secondary sources:

For additional secondary sources that were used to construct the pre-1994 data series, see data citations provided in Stads, Gunasena, and Herath (2005) Download PDF.

Estimation procedures

  • For a number of agencies, research staff and expenditure data were missing for certain years. These have been interpolated or in a few cases extrapolated.
  • Expenditures for the higher-education agencies are estimates based on the average expenditures per researcher for the government agencies.

For general ASTI data procedures and methodology, please visit www.asti.cgiar.org/methodology.