Data sources

Primary data were collected through three ASTI institutional survey rounds in 2003-2004, 2010-2011, and 2015-2016. These data were combined with the following secondary sources:

  • ISESCO (ISESCO Center for Promotion of Scientific Research). 2012. Nuclear Institute for Agriculture (NIA). http://www.icpsr.org.ma/?Page=showInstitute&InstituteID=NIA43564&CountryID=Pakistan. Accessed February 24, 2012.
  • ISESCO (ISESCO Center for Promotion of Scientific Research). 2012. Sindh Horticultural Resarch Institute. http://www.icpsr.org.ma/?Page=showInstitute&InstituteID=SHRI80&CountryID=Pakistan. Accessed February 24, 2012.
  • Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIA). 2012. http://www.nifa.org.pk/Contacts.htm. Accessed February 24, 2012.
  • PARC (Pakistan Agricultural Research Council). 2012. National Sugar Crops Research Institute. http://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/SARCKHY/nscr.html. Accessed February 13, 2012.
  • University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. 2012. Water Management Research Center. http://www.uaf.edu.pk/directorates/water_management/wmrc_staff.html. Accessed February 8, 2012.
  • University of Balochistan. 2012. Faculty pages. http://www.uob.edu.pk/. Accessed February 8, 2012.
  • University of Peshawar. 2012. Centre of Biotechnology. http://www.upesh.edu.pk/academics/researchcenter/biotech/biotech.html. Accessed February 24, 2012.
  • University of Peshawar. 2012. Department of Botany. http://www.upesh.edu.pk/academics/researchcenter/biotech/biotech.html. Accessed February 24, 2012.
  • University of Peshawar. 2012. Department of Zoology. http://www.upesh.edu.pk/academics/Departments/zoology/zoology.htm. Accessed February 24, 2012.
  • University of the Punjab. 2012. Faculty of Life Sciences. http://pu.edu.pk//home/showfaculty. Accessed February 24, 2012.
  • University of Sindh. 2012. Institute of Plant Sciences. http://www.usindh.edu.pk/academics/faculties/faculty-of-natural-sciences/institute-of-plant-sciences/262-faculty-members. Accessed February 8, 2012.

Estimation procedures

 

  • For a number of agencies, research staff and expenditure data were missing for certain years. These have been interpolated or in a few cases extrapolated.
  • Expenditures for the higher-education agencies are estimates based on the average expenditures per researcher for the government agencies.

 

For general ASTI data procedures and methodology, please visit http://www.asti.cgiar.org/methodology.