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Country Name
Ghana

Data sources

Primary data were collected through seven institutional survey rounds in 1984, 1993-1994 (under ISNAR’s “Indicators Series Project”), 2003-2004, 2008-2009, 2012-2013, 2015-2016, and 2017-2018 (under ASTI). These data were combined with a number of secondary data sources:

  • ACU (Association of Commonwealth Universities). Various years. Commonwealth universities yearbook 2001. Volume 1. London: ACU.
  • BNARI (Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute). 2007. Profile of scientific staff.
    http://www.bnari.org/researchers.htm. Accessed May 19, 2010.
  • KNUST (Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology). 2010. Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of Science, KNUST academic staff.
    http://www.knust.edu.gh/pages/sections.php?siteid=biochemistry&mid=374. Accessed May 19, 2010.
  • University of Ghana. Various years. University of Ghana Legon annual report. Accra.

For additional secondary sources that were used to construct the pre-1991 dataseries, see appendices and reference lists in Roseboom and Pardey (1994) Download PDF and Stads and Gogo (2004) Download PDF

Estimation procedures

  • For a number of agencies, research staff and expenditure data were missing for certain years. These have been interpolated or in a few cases extrapolated. 2001-08 spending data for the Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) are based on total funds received by the institute, not on total expenditures.
  • Expenditures for the higher-education agencies are estimates based on the average expenditures per researcher for the government agencies.
  • Salaries and living expenses of many expatriate researchers working on donor-supported projects at the (often main) agricultural research agencies are paid directly by their respective agency. The average implicit costs of expatriate R&D staff were calculated in the early 1990s (see Appendix 2 in Roseboom and Pardey 1994), and have been extrapolated to more recent years using salary averages of a few CGIAR centers.

For general ASTI data procedures and methodology, please visit www.asti.cgiar.org/methodology